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哈佛大学

哈佛大学

Harvard university
Massachusetts HallCambridge, MA 02138
中等城市 旅游城市 历史名城 安全 英语 师资力量雄厚
  • 建校时间:1636 年
  • 学校类型:私立
  • 学生总数:10803
  • 毕业率:71.6%
  • 男女比例:53:47
  • 就业率:89.9%
  • 优势专业:商学 法学 教育学 生物医学
院校简介 本科申请 研究生申请 专业设置 院校排名 院校问答
概况
哈佛大学院校介绍

  院校概况

  哈佛大学(Harvard University),简称哈佛,坐落于美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市,是一所享誉世界的私立研究型大学,是著名的常春藤盟校成员。这里走出了8位美利坚合众国总统,上百位诺贝尔获得者曾在此工作、学习,其在文学、医学、法学、商学等多个领域拥有崇高的学术地位及广泛的影响力,被公认为是当今世界最顶尖的高等教育机构之一。

  哈佛同时也是美国本土历史最悠久的高等学府,其诞生于1636年,最早由马萨诸塞州殖民地立法机关创建,初名新市民学院,是为了纪念在成立初期给予学院慷慨支持的约翰・哈佛牧师。学校于1639年3月更名为哈佛学院。1780年,哈佛学院正式改称哈佛大学。截止2014年,学校有本科生6700余人,硕士及博士研究生14500余人。

  哈佛大学是全美第一所大学,同时是常春藤盟校成员之一。美国独立战争以来大量的革命先驱都出自于哈佛的门下。哈佛大学被誉为美国政府的思想库。这里先后诞生了八位美国总统,40位诺贝尔奖得主和30位普利策奖得主。其商学院案例教学盛名远播。这里也培养了缔造了微软、IBM、Facebook等一个个商业奇迹的人。

  哈佛大学的所有本科专业教育水平都是世界顶级的。

  哈佛大学教学资源之丰富令人咋舌。学校拥有70个独立图书馆,3000英亩森林研究站,12座教学用博物馆,占地265英亩的植物园,24座科学研究专用校舍,多个剧院和舞台,41支体育团队,450个学生社团……除此之外,你还能够跨界注册哈佛研究生院与职业学院,甚至邻居麻省理工的课程!

  哈佛大学奖学金政策一视同仁,而且你的申奖状态不影响你的录取几率

  被哈佛录取的学生SAT Math部分平均成绩在710到790之间;Verbal部分平均得分在700-800之间;平均SAT总分(Combined)为2225,比全美其它各大学的录取平均SAT成绩高出了41.3%。每年约有70%的学生能够获得奖学金,且申请奖学金不会影响申请者被录取的几率。

  综合评价

  支持雅思成绩申请;排名第一; 私立综合性大学;提供奖学金;东北部,尽享都市便利;

  学术信息

  选择该校的理由

  1.哈佛大学(Harvard University),美国大学教育的旗舰,常青藤联盟的代表。

  2.哈佛大学商学院是这个星球上最好的商学院,没有其他。

  3.哈佛大学的所有本科学科教育水平都是世界顶级的。

  4.哈佛大学图书馆是世界上最大的大学图书馆。

  强势专业

  哈佛大学有12个学院, 提供46种本科专业,134种研究生专业,其中:

  商学院――全美排名第一;

  法学院――全美排名第三;

  教育学院――全美排名第二;

  商学院――全美排名第一;

  生物医学领域专业――全美排名前五;

  著名校友

  John Adams - American President

  Ralph Waldo Emerson - Writer

  Al Gore - American Vice President

  John F. Kennedy - American President

  Mackenzie King - Canadian Prime Minister

  Sara Lazarus - Jazz vocalist

  Yo Yo Ma - Cellist

  Suzanne Malveaux - CNN Correspondent

  Natalie Portman - Actress

  Henry David Thoreau - Journalist, Philosopher and Writer

师生情况

师生比:1:7国际学生比例:12.00本科生数:7029 男女比:53:47在校学生数:10803研究生数:14937

学术信息

  选择该校的理由

  1.哈佛大学(Harvard University),美国大学教育的旗舰,常青藤联盟的代表。

  2.哈佛大学商学院是这个星球上最好的商学院,没有其他。

  3.哈佛大学的所有本科学科教育水平都是世界顶级的。

  4.哈佛大学图书馆是世界上最大的大学图书馆。

  强势专业

  哈佛大学有12个学院, 提供46种本科专业,134种研究生专业,其中:

  商学院――全美排名第一;

  法学院――全美排名第三;

  教育学院――全美排名第二;

  商学院――全美排名第一;

  生物医学领域专业――全美排名前五;

地理位置

斯坦福大学位于美国加州旧金山湾区南部的帕拉阿图市,临近世界著名高科技园区硅谷,苹果、谷歌和惠普等企业的总部就在学校不远处。

院系设置

为学生们提供学士学位、硕士学位以及博士学位,专业设置广泛,开设的主要专业包括:美洲研究、人类学、亚洲语言、生物科学、化学、古典文学、交流学、比较文学、戏剧、地球科学、亚洲研究、工程、经济学、英语、历史、国际关系、数学、音乐、哲学、心理学、宗教研究、象征系统学、计算机科学、化学工程、土木工程、电气工程、机械工程学、工程物理学、环境工程、生物工程、计算机系统工程 、产品设计、城市研究、建筑设计、数学及计算机科学、航空航天、能源资源工程、管理学与工程、材料科学与工程、生物力学工程、地质工程学与水文学等等

学校住宿

所有的斯坦福一年级生均需留校住宿,他们亦获得未来四年的宿位保证。

当中有89%的本科生获分配校园内的宿位。

根据斯坦福房屋分配办公室提供的资料,校方为这些住宿学生提供了80种的住宿形式,包括宿舍、合作社、联排式住宅、兄弟和姊妹会等。

本科申请
申请数据
  • 本科学生数:7029
  • 本科录取率:6%
  • 本科申请人数:10,114
  • 申请截止时间:3月1日;EA:11月15日
留学费用
  • 总花费:$59,594
  • 申请费:$90
  • 学费:$42,162
  • 住宿费:$14,264
  • 生活费:$4,260
研究生申请
申请数据
  • 研究生学生数:14937
  • 研究生录取率:6%
  • 研究生申请人数:38,828
  • 申请截止时间:9月9日-4月12日
留学费用
  • 总花费:$102,936-178,465
  • 申请费:$125-275
  • 学费:$54,315-129,700
  • 住宿费:$20,955
  • 生活费:$26,220
热门专业申请条件
专业名称 学位类型 学制 开学时间 费用 申请要求 申请材料
全球健康与人口-硕士MS MS in Global Health and Population 硕士 2年 秋季 45540美元 托福:总分:100,听力:23,阅读:23,口语:100,写作:100 雅思:总分:7,口语:7,写作:7
Transcript: Applicants who have degree coursework from institutions outside of the United States of America and/or non-English-language institutions in Canada must submit a credential evaluation from World Education Services (WES). We require the iCAP WES package that evaluates your transcripts course by course. Evaluations from WES will allow our reviewers to better understand the educational system in which you studied, which may be beneficial for your application review. If you are currently in a degree program, an updated, final WES evaluation will be required prior to matriculation at the Harvard Chan School. Curriculum Vitae: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health requires a resumé or curriculum vitae of all applicants outlining education (including dates attended and dates degrees were awarded or are expected to be awarded), work experience (including dates of employment, job title, and description of responsibilities for each position held), and if applicable, a bibliography of publications. Please include specialty board certifications and awards and honors you have earned, and indicate past and current affiliation with all professional, humanitarian, or volunteer organizations. Personal Statement: Statement requirement for all Master of Science (SM) and MPH (excluding JD/MPH): The statement of purpose and objectives should not exceed 600 words, although SOPHAS allows for a higher word count. In your statement, please describe the following: Academic and/or professional preparation for a career in public health Your focused interest in the degree program/department or MPH field of study to which you are applying Career plans upon completion of the program at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Note any relevant strengths or weaknesses in your background or in your ability to carry out your professional responsibilities. Recommendation Letter: Applicants are required to submit three letters of recommendation to SOPHAS. At least one recommender should be a former instructor. Applicants are encouraged to verify that all recommendations are submitted in a timely manner in order for the application to be considered complete by the application deadline. Waiving the Right to Access Your Letters of Recommendation US federal legislation gives each student who enrolls at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health the right to access his or her academic record. Your letters of recommendation are part of your academic record. You may review them only if you matriculate and only if you did not waive your right to access each one. You may waive this right to access, if you wish, by selecting this option in the reference section. Please note that signing this waiver is not required as a condition for admission to the School.
公共卫生政策-硕士MPH MPH in Health Policy 硕士 秋季 托福:总分:100,听力:23,阅读:23,口语:100,写作:100 雅思:总分:7,口语:7,写作:7
Transcript: Applicants who have degree coursework from institutions outside of the United States of America and/or non-English-language institutions in Canada must submit a credential evaluation from World Education Services (WES). We require the iCAP WES package that evaluates your transcripts course by course. Evaluations from WES will allow our reviewers to better understand the educational system in which you studied, which may be beneficial for your application review. If you are currently in a degree program, an updated, final WES evaluation will be required prior to matriculation at the Harvard Chan School. Curriculum Vitae: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health requires a resumé or curriculum vitae of all applicants outlining education (including dates attended and dates degrees were awarded or are expected to be awarded), work experience (including dates of employment, job title, and description of responsibilities for each position held), and if applicable, a bibliography of publications. Please include specialty board certifications and awards and honors you have earned, and indicate past and current affiliation with all professional, humanitarian, or volunteer organizations. Personal Statement: The statement of purpose and objectives should not exceed 600 words, although SOPHAS allows for a higher word count. In your statement, please describe the following: Academic and/or professional preparation for a career in public health Your focused interest in the degree program/department or MPH field of study to which you are applying Career plans upon completion of the program at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Note any relevant strengths or weaknesses in your background or in your ability to carry out your professional responsibilities. Recommendation Letter: Applicants are required to submit three letters of recommendation to SOPHAS. At least one recommender should be a former instructor. Applicants are encouraged to verify that all recommendations are submitted in a timely manner in order for the application to be considered complete by the application deadline. Waiving the Right to Access Your Letters of Recommendation US federal legislation gives each student who enrolls at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health the right to access his or her academic record. Your letters of recommendation are part of your academic record. You may review them only if you matriculate and only if you did not waive your right to access each one. You may waive this right to access, if you wish, by selecting this option in the reference section. Please note that signing this waiver is not required as a condition for admission to the School.
化学生物学-硕士MA MA in Chemical Biology 硕士 9月 18152美元/学年 托福:笔考600 雅思:
1、申请表 2、学历证明及成绩单 3、托福成绩单 4、GRE成绩单 5、推荐信 6、个人简历 7、个人自述
医学人类学-硕士MA MA in Medical Anthropology 硕士 1年 秋季 46384美元 托福:总分:80,口语:80,写作:80 雅思:
Transcript: A copy of your transcript from each college/university attended. Personal Statement: Personal Statement Recommendation Letter: Three letters of recommendation (must be submitted online, do not send hard copies) Writing Sample: The admissions committee for the social anthropology program pays particularly close attention to the writing samples submitted by applicants. You should carefully select an example of your best academic writing that demonstrates your capacity for rigorous analysis and independent work. It is not essential that the writing sample you submit be directly related to the topics or areas that you are proposing to study in the future.
建筑学-硕士 I Master of Architecture I 硕士 秋季 50120美元 托福:总分:92,听力:23,阅读:23,口语:92,写作:92 雅思:
Transcript: Transcripts from all colleges and universities from which you have received credit (please note that official transcripts must be scanned into the online application; official transcripts sent to the GSD are not accepted at the time of application). Curriculum Vitae: Resume and Essay. Recommendation Letter: Letters of Recommendation (three) must be submitted electronically through the online application (instructions on how to do this are included in the application, as well as in the FAQs section). Portfolio: Applicants to degree programs other than the Master in Urban Planning program must submit a portfolio that includes their most important and representative visual arts, design, research, and/or professional work. A portfolio for the Master in Urban Planning degree program is optional. Master in Design Studies and Doctor of Design portfolios should consist of scholarly, academic and/or professional work and may or may not include visual material, at the discretion of the applicant, and as related to the proposed research area.The design portfolio for Master in Design Engineering applicants should provide three to five examples of the candidate’s work, design and/or research, which are most relevant to the MDE program. Examples may be professional or academic and may encompass designed, researched, and/or actualized work. Projects may include, but are not limited to, buildings, mechanical systems, electronic systems, organizational systems, and recommendations regarding processes. Demonstration of technical literacy and innovation is desirable. Projects should be submitted in PDF format and include a description of the project as well as supporting documentation, which may include images or a video (videos must be uploaded separately from the PDF). Applicants may include a list of additional relevant projects.
数据科学-硕士MS MS in Data Science 硕士 秋季 托福:总分:80,口语:80,写作:80 雅思:
Transcript: Applicants are required to upload transcript copies into our online application system: official hard copy/paper transcripts are not required at the time of application. However, prior to matriculation, admitted students will be required to have official, hard copy transcripts sent directly to the Office of Admissions by their prior academic institutions. Recommendation Letter: You should get letters of recommendation from the three people you think will be able to make the best case for why you are an outstanding applicant for this degree program. These should be people who know you and your capabilities very well. Former professors can certainly be valuable sources of recommendation letters, but letters from managers or colleagues from your work experience can also be helpful.
设计研究-城市规划,景观,生态-硕士 Master of Design Studies - Urbanism, Landscape, Ecology 硕士 秋季 50120美元 托福:总分:92,听力:23,阅读:23,口语:92,写作:92 雅思:
Transcript: Transcripts from all colleges and universities from which you have received credit (please note that official transcripts must be scanned into the online application; official transcripts sent to the GSD are not accepted at the time of application). Curriculum Vitae: Resume and Essay. Recommendation Letter: Letters of Recommendation (three) must be submitted electronically through the online application (instructions on how to do this are included in the application, as well as in the FAQs section). Portfolio: Applicants to degree programs other than the Master in Urban Planning program must submit a portfolio that includes their most important and representative visual arts, design, research, and/or professional work. A portfolio for the Master in Urban Planning degree program is optional. Master in Design Studies and Doctor of Design portfolios should consist of scholarly, academic and/or professional work and may or may not include visual material, at the discretion of the applicant, and as related to the proposed research area.The design portfolio for Master in Design Engineering applicants should provide three to five examples of the candidate’s work, design and/or research, which are most relevant to the MDE program. Examples may be professional or academic and may encompass designed, researched, and/or actualized work. Projects may include, but are not limited to, buildings, mechanical systems, electronic systems, organizational systems, and recommendations regarding processes. Demonstration of technical literacy and innovation is desirable. Projects should be submitted in PDF format and include a description of the project as well as supporting documentation, which may include images or a video (videos must be uploaded separately from the PDF). Applicants may include a list of additional relevant projects.
设计研究-房地产与建筑环境-硕士 Master of Design Studies - Real Estate and the Built Environment 硕士 秋季 50120美元 托福:总分:92,听力:23,阅读:23,口语:92,写作:92 雅思:
Transcript: Transcripts from all colleges and universities from which you have received credit (please note that official transcripts must be scanned into the online application; official transcripts sent to the GSD are not accepted at the time of application). Curriculum Vitae: Resume and Essay. Recommendation Letter: Letters of Recommendation (three) must be submitted electronically through the online application (instructions on how to do this are included in the application, as well as in the FAQs section). Portfolio: Applicants to degree programs other than the Master in Urban Planning program must submit a portfolio that includes their most important and representative visual arts, design, research, and/or professional work. A portfolio for the Master in Urban Planning degree program is optional. Master in Design Studies and Doctor of Design portfolios should consist of scholarly, academic and/or professional work and may or may not include visual material, at the discretion of the applicant, and as related to the proposed research area.The design portfolio for Master in Design Engineering applicants should provide three to five examples of the candidate’s work, design and/or research, which are most relevant to the MDE program. Examples may be professional or academic and may encompass designed, researched, and/or actualized work. Projects may include, but are not limited to, buildings, mechanical systems, electronic systems, organizational systems, and recommendations regarding processes. Demonstration of technical literacy and innovation is desirable. Projects should be submitted in PDF format and include a description of the project as well as supporting documentation, which may include images or a video (videos must be uploaded separately from the PDF). Applicants may include a list of additional relevant projects.
设计研究:减灾与弹性设计-硕士 Master of Design Studies - Risk and Resilience 硕士 2年 秋季 50120美元 托福:总分:92,听力:23,阅读:23,口语:92,写作:92 雅思:
Transcript: Transcripts from all colleges and universities from which you have received credit (please note that official transcripts must be scanned into the online application; official transcripts sent to the GSD are not accepted at the time of application). Curriculum Vitae: Resume and Essay. Recommendation Letter: Letters of Recommendation (three) must be submitted electronically through the online application (instructions on how to do this are included in the application, as well as in the FAQs section). Portfolio: Applicants to degree programs other than the Master in Urban Planning program must submit a portfolio that includes their most important and representative visual arts, design, research, and/or professional work. A portfolio for the Master in Urban Planning degree program is optional. Master in Design Studies and Doctor of Design portfolios should consist of scholarly, academic and/or professional work and may or may not include visual material, at the discretion of the applicant, and as related to the proposed research area.The design portfolio for Master in Design Engineering applicants should provide three to five examples of the candidate’s work, design and/or research, which are most relevant to the MDE program. Examples may be professional or academic and may encompass designed, researched, and/or actualized work. Projects may include, but are not limited to, buildings, mechanical systems, electronic systems, organizational systems, and recommendations regarding processes. Demonstration of technical literacy and innovation is desirable. Projects should be submitted in PDF format and include a description of the project as well as supporting documentation, which may include images or a video (videos must be uploaded separately from the PDF). Applicants may include a list of additional relevant projects.
风景园林硕士 II Master of Landscape Architecture II 硕士 秋季 50120美元 托福:总分:92,听力:23,阅读:23,口语:92,写作:92 雅思:
Transcript: Transcripts from all colleges and universities from which you have received credit (please note that official transcripts must be scanned into the online application; official transcripts sent to the GSD are not accepted at the time of application). Curriculum Vitae: Resume and Essay. Recommendation Letter: Letters of Recommendation (three) must be submitted electronically through the online application (instructions on how to do this are included in the application, as well as in the FAQs section). Portfolio: Applicants to degree programs other than the Master in Urban Planning program must submit a portfolio that includes their most important and representative visual arts, design, research, and/or professional work. A portfolio for the Master in Urban Planning degree program is optional. Master in Design Studies and Doctor of Design portfolios should consist of scholarly, academic and/or professional work and may or may not include visual material, at the discretion of the applicant, and as related to the proposed research area.The design portfolio for Master in Design Engineering applicants should provide three to five examples of the candidate’s work, design and/or research, which are most relevant to the MDE program. Examples may be professional or academic and may encompass designed, researched, and/or actualized work. Projects may include, but are not limited to, buildings, mechanical systems, electronic systems, organizational systems, and recommendations regarding processes. Demonstration of technical literacy and innovation is desirable. Projects should be submitted in PDF format and include a description of the project as well as supporting documentation, which may include images or a video (videos must be uploaded separately from the PDF). Applicants may include a list of additional relevant projects.

专业名称 学位类型 专业方向 学制 开课时间 开课类型
林业科学(Forest Science) 硕士 农林 24个月 8月 9月 全日制
经济学(Economics) 本科 商科 48个月 8月 9月 全日制
工商管理硕士(Master of Business Administration) 硕士 商科 24个月 8月 9月 全日制
经济学(产业组织)(Industrial Organization) 博士 商科 60个月 8月 9月 全日制
经济学(公共经济学)(Public Economics) 博士 商科 60个月 8月 9月 全日制
经济学(劳动经济学)(Labor Economics) 博士 商科 60个月 8月 9月 全日制
经济学(发展经济学)(Development) 博士 商科 60个月 8月 9月 全日制
经济学(国际经济学)(International Economics) 博士 商科 60个月 8月 9月 全日制
经济学(宏观经济学)(Macroeconomics) 博士 商科 60个月 8月 9月 全日制
经济学(政治经济学)(Political Economics) 博士 商科 60个月 8月 9月 全日制
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世界排名
QS USNEWS 上海交大 THE
  • Q:我想去哈佛大学商学院上学,请问都有哪些要求,费用要多少?
  • A:哈佛的商学院是全世界最好的商学院之一,对学生的要求非常高。基本上要求你的GPA在3.5以上,TOEFL一百分以上,SAT在2000以上。
  • Q:默克尔在哈佛大学毕业典礼上与特朗普隔空较劲,是怎么回事?
  • A:很高兴回答你的问题。首先,谢邀。其实呢,最好的还是1对多的外教,加上一个辅助的中国教师。而且,不能有家长陪同。为什么呢?首先,我先解释为什么不能有家长陪同。在孩子还很小的年纪,3-8岁之间,比较调皮。这个时候,如果家长在身边,很容易让小朋友。。。进入到无法无天的状态,尤其是小男孩。反而在到处乱蹦的情况下,很难进入到语言的学习当中。那么,外教有什么好处呢?首先发音纯正是必须的。必然的。当然,不能是那些什么来自非洲啊、南美啊、澳大利亚、非英语官方语言的欧洲国家。。的老师啦。他们的口音真的远不如一个好的中国老师。另外,有中国老师辅助的情况,是能掌控全局,在纪律上面有所管教,另外呢,也能在孩子无法理解的情况下,进行帮助。最后,说下为什么不是一对一。一对一,会让孩子失去在学习英语的同时,失去社交的锻炼能力。甚至时间长一点,会让孩子沉默寡言。所以无论是学习还是平时生活,尽量让小朋友多和小朋友在一起。这样,在学习生活的同时,让小朋友的性格和语言都能够得到好的锻炼。说到底,环境是最好的老师。去辅导,也是主要为了营造一个环节啦。祝进步!如果我的回答对您有帮助,希望您可以给我点个赞!花不了多少流量哒!相信我!嘿嘿嘿!
  • Q:高中毕业怎么样能上哈佛大学?
  • A:希特勒在“一战”中的形象有可能存在伪造。一战中,希特勒被描绘成“战斗英雄”的形象,不仅战功显赫,而且获得过二级十字勋章,三级铁十字勋章,团部勋章,伤员奖章,三级服役奖章等。但有学者表示,希特勒在一战中并非所谓的“战斗英雄”。比如希特勒是通讯兵,但他不是穿梭在战壕之间,经历弹火考验的前线传令兵,而是兵团传令兵。这是一份比较安全的差事,他远离战场几英里,被誉为是“前线士兵的休假地”。不过,希特勒在军队中的形象是个“艺术家”,倒是真的,他喜欢画画,喜欢看书。虽然现在存在这样一种说法,希特勒在一战中负伤,结果被一名英军士兵放走,如果当时英军士兵直接枪毙了希特勒,也许就不会出现二战。历史不容假设,这样的事情也许真的存在,也许是盟军渲染,毕竟二战中盟军渲染希特勒在一战中失去睾丸。即便希特勒真的在一战中被英军士兵枪毙,二战未必能避免。种子一直存在,希特勒只是个播种的人,如果没有土壤的滋润,种子结不成果实。
  • Q:武汉大学好还是哈佛大学好?
  • A:勇士杀掉了恶龙,自己却长出獠牙。克伦威尔推翻并处决了查理一世,自己却成为近似国王的“护国公”,武力驱逐议会中的反对者,并且传位给儿子。时至今日,人们对克伦威尔的评价也褒贬不一。有人说他创立了没有国王的共和国,粉推翻了君主制,有人说他用宗教情绪大肆屠杀异己,达成野心。不过有一点,他优秀的军事指挥能力无可置疑,也正是依靠强力军队,他得以击败英格兰保皇派、爱尔兰、以及苏格兰的保守力量。(克伦威尔画像和死亡面具,右侧也就是他的真实长相)含着银汤勺出生:克伦威尔出生于英格兰剑桥郡一个富裕士绅家庭,他的家族利用宗教改革机会贩酒发财,埋下了深厚人际脉络。因此克伦威尔也受到良好教育,还进入剑桥大学学习。不过当父亲去世后,他辍学离校,过起了自由自在的自耕农生活。通过养鸡养羊,出售鸡蛋和羊毛养活自己不是问题,但无法让他和政治沾上边。但是很快的,家族几位亲戚去世带来的遗产馈赠让他再次富有,成为体面人。(博物馆中,克伦威尔的配剑)衣食无忧的生活让克伦威尔对宗教产生浓厚兴趣,当时流行的宗教改革也影响了这位年轻人,略显激进的思想让他成为一名热情清教徒(新教,现代美国主要教派),和传统的天主教生活方式格格不入。(克伦威尔故居,现在内部已被改建成博物馆)由于家族过去和埃塞克斯豪门留下种种联系,29岁的克伦威尔成为当地议会会员,踏入了英格兰政治圈。初期的经历当然是默默无闻,后来几年里他慢慢积累了从政经验,也有所作为,顺理成章当上国会议员。在对抗国王和天主教会势力时,克伦威尔积极运作,发挥出不小作用。变乱带来机遇:英国国王查理一世和议会之间由于权力争夺一直存在极深矛盾,这直接导致1642年英国内战爆发。相对于查理一世拥有专业军队不同,议会非常缺乏靠谱的将领和士兵。众人焦头烂额之时,克伦威尔崭露头角的机会来了,他过去在剑桥郡曾做过县里的民兵,看起来毫不起眼的经历背后,是他长期被埋没的军事才能。(高仿真模型,克伦威尔戎装像)很快,克伦威尔利用自己的名声和议会职位,在剑桥当地招募起一支骑兵部队,全部只采用新教徒,与国王教会为敌。由于没能赶上议会和国王的前期战斗,他便不断扩充部队,竟拉起了一个完整的团。一年后,克伦威尔和他的骑兵第一次获得了战斗经验。林肯郡的战场上,初次临阵的克伦威尔骑兵勇敢正面对抗保皇党骑兵,而他自己则率部从敌军背后试试突袭,把保皇党逼进沼泽地里,快速斩杀300多人。首战获胜大大强化了克伦威尔的信心,他知道部下们虽然勇气可嘉但经验仍显不足,便着手用自己的方式改进领导和训练。克伦威尔本人从未上过军校,没有接受过正规的军事技战术训练,不过他似乎天赋异禀,用直觉和推断来大胆改进传统战法。他开始一反传统采用密集骑兵编队,相邻骑兵的膝盖几乎都会碰到。他一般把这种密集编组分为三队向前推进,依靠快速冲击而不是火力打击。并且他不让骑兵们优先追逐敌人,而要保持阵型紧密团结,以争取抓住机会打击敌人主力。人类历史上诸多强者往往如此,他们没有响亮的资历和背景,却能从过往经验和敏锐观察中总结关键,从而开创独树一帜之路。(克伦威尔和他的新式骑兵)战争天才与政治明星:接下来多次战斗,克伦威尔和他的新式军队发挥出强大战斗力。马斯顿摩尔战役时,克伦威尔马队从侧翼迅速击败保皇党骑兵,打破平衡后奠定了胜局。他自己因为勇猛冲锋被对方手枪击中脖子,幸而伤势不重。而后议会建立起“新模范军”,由克伦威尔任骑兵指挥官。1645年,议会和国王于纳斯比战役决战。已升任中将的克伦威尔刚出现在战场上,就让保皇党感到畏惧。接下来战斗证明,即便是英格兰皇家骑兵也挡住这位冉冉升起的战争天才。在皇家骑兵抢先冲锋面前,议会军骑兵再次摧枯拉朽,干净利落迎面消灭了他们。(冒着保皇党骑兵火枪射击,克伦威尔带队突击)整只议会军里,“老铁骑军”的名号嘹亮远扬,这就是士兵们对克伦威尔的尊敬称呼了。军事胜利带来政治地位,克伦威尔很快成为议会的代表人物,不断起草改革文件和宪法方案。接连胜利之下,查理一世只能承认失败,于1646年向议会投降。第一次英国内战结束。数年后,不甘心失败的查理一世再次起兵,联络苏格兰反对议会。但在克伦威尔无可争议的军事优势面前,失败只是时间问题。1649年,克伦威尔和其他议会领袖一同签署处死查理一世的审判书。该文件上面写着:“查理·斯图亚特作为暴君、叛徒、杀人犯及国家的敌人,应该被斩首。”因为影响巨大,没人愿意先签字,而克伦威尔上前抓起一支笔,潦草写下自己的名字,然后递给第二位,让人们不禁汗颜。(处决查理一世国王的签字审判书原件)于是,英格兰从王国变成了共和国,被叫做“英格兰联邦”,克伦威尔掌握着军队的实际控制权。对于议会内部要求扩大选举权,要求法律面前人人平等,以及宗教宽容的论调,克伦威尔十分反感,他认为投票权只能给土地所有者(地主),为此不得不和其他领导人不断辩论。(1649年,正走向巅峰的克伦威尔)长出獠牙的英雄:为了镇压各地叛乱和分裂,克伦威尔率军侵入爱尔兰。其实爱尔兰天主教徒并不十分支持保皇党,但他们因为天主教信仰问题被克伦威尔视为重大威胁。这一次,依然没人能挡住克伦威尔,他的部队连接攻城拔寨。不过议会军的表现就相当令人吃惊了。他们不仅把爱尔兰军队当作敌人,连平民也受到波及。1649年秋,克伦威尔部队攻下德罗赫达后,杀掉了2700名投降的保皇党士兵和镇上所有携带武器之人,不少平民囚犯以及天主教神父都遇害了。维克斯福德镇是下一个受害地区,克伦威尔倒是想谈判一下,可他的士兵冲进镇里,杀掉了2000名爱尔兰士兵和多达1500名平民,还放火烧毁了大部分建筑物。(西方绘画,克伦威尔在德洛赫达烧杀抢掠)如此层出不穷的暴行让简单的占领几乎成为种族灭绝,也让爱尔兰人对克伦威尔记恨至深,直到现代,他们还努力要求将克伦威尔的肖像画从公众设施里搬走。北方倔强的苏格兰任因为继续支持查理一世的儿子也遭到攻击。克伦威尔率大军入侵后原本进展并不顺利,他们缺乏物资也流行疾病。但在邓巴战役中,克伦威尔抓住了和苏格兰军主力交战的机会,一举击溃对手,歼灭4000多人,还抓获超过10000俘虏。导致苏格兰首都爱丁堡陷落,一批妇女儿童也被克伦威尔部下杀害。(克伦威尔在邓巴之战,苏格兰军队惨败)清除各路保皇势力后,议会内部共同的敌人消失了,取而代之是激烈的内部争夺。1653年,克伦威尔带着40名火枪手强行解散了议会,当时他说:“你们不是议会,我说你们不是就不是,我会结束你们的会议。”他还抢过象征权力的礼仪小钉锤,并要求将这“小玩意儿”带走。另外组建起小议会以后,大部分成员几乎完全听命于他,但因为小部分激进议员不断提议继续改革,给予普通民众同等政治权力。结果小议会也被迫解散。1653年12月16日,克伦威尔被很多名流热烈推戴为“护国公”,刚刚建立起的共和制还没展开羽翼便无声夭折,英格兰进入一种特殊时期——护国公政体。(克伦威尔带兵解散议会)余波与思考:历史总是矛盾又奇妙的。软弱的议会共和敌不过国王的拳头,强硬的克伦威尔拯救了议会却也抛弃了共和,他的个人威权导致英国国富民强,但又昙花一现,致使君主制卷土重来。看到这里,大家或许会想到许多熟悉的名人,比如罗伯斯庇尔、袁世凯。他们的结局也差异不大。克伦威尔掌权后的对外扩张的强力国策颇有建树,因尿路感染引起败血症去世后(59岁),他的儿子却坐不稳父亲留给他的“护国公”之位,英格兰几经混乱,王权复辟又被推翻,最终妥协建立起君主立宪制。而克伦威尔的遗体被挖出,再次处以绞刑。他的头颅在威斯敏斯特大厅外的一根柱子上插了长达25年之久,任凭风吹雨打。后来,这个头颅更成为商品,在形形色色的买家手里经过。(克伦威尔头颅被火化之前留下的影像)随着时光变迁,克伦威尔的名字成为战舰和坦克的代表,他的雕像也树立在曼切斯特大教堂外。那颗流浪的头颅终于在1960年被埋入剑桥西德尼苏塞克斯学院的前厅,某块地板之下,抛却野心荣耀宠辱笑骂之后,一切归于平静。(谢谢观赏,图片来自网络,欢迎关注)参考文献:Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658)ENGLISH CIVIL WARSGenocide in the Age of the Nation-State , IBTauris: London
  • Q:哈佛大学是世界上综合实力最强的大学吗?
  • A:亚洲体坛有很多堪称绝世美女的女运动员,其中最能出美女的运动当属于排球和花滑、体操等项目,因为这些项目的女运动员们各自较高,双腿修长,一切都是符合美女所有的条件,再加上有些女运动员天然的清纯和可爱,所以这几种运动下美女繁多也就不足为奇了。通过盘点亚洲的美女运动员前十中,中国占了四位,韩国三位,日本两位,另外一位花落哈萨克斯坦的排球美女。这些美女中不乏何雯娜,潘晓婷,孙妍在,福原爱等美女。NO.1 哈萨克斯坦 艾媞博柯娃·莎宾娜2014年7月16日亚洲杯青年女子排球赛在台北开赛,莎宾娜代表哈萨克斯坦女排前往参加比赛,因其身高182CM,腿长120CM,身材比例犹如模特一般,被网友封为“12头身美女”。7月20日比赛会场挤满来替她加油的人潮,网络上也掀起了热议,她的社交网络粉丝人数暴增。Altynbekova Sabina身高182,腿长120,是位17岁的十二头身美少女,其Instagram粉丝数也一夜暴涨,爆红网络。 Sabina身披哈萨克斯坦20号战袍,皮肤白皙,且经常笑瞇瞇的,虽然不是先发球员,但还是很快地被眼尖的球迷注意到,口耳相传下,让这位十二头身美少女的人气指数破表,不时有粉丝要求合照。NO.2 中国 惠若琪中国女排的队长,也是球队在里约夺冠的关键性人物。运动方面出色,长得很不差,尤其是那一双大长腿,尤其惹人注目。身为1米9的高妹,惠若琪却毫不掩饰自己作为90后的清纯,完美诠释了什么叫“高萌”。NO.3 中国 何雯娜她是2008年北京奥运会蹦床冠军,虽然美貌与才华并存,但其感情路却不顺畅,曾被陈一冰甩掉。不但长的美,还属于那种谈笑都很矜持,有一种含蓄的美。NO.4 韩国 孙妍在韩国艺术体操运动员,同时也是韩国体坛第一美女。她天生丽质,难得的是,身材也是出奇的好。此外,经过多年的训练,孙妍在的动作也是非常柔美,在2014年仁川亚运会上,她获得第一美女的称号。蛇腰玉腿,清新脱俗气质极佳,被网友称作“艺术体操美少女”,并一跃成为众多韩国少男的梦中情人。NO.5 中国 李子君中国艺术体操运动员,她长相清秀纯真,宛如水仙花一般,跟不用说在赛场上表演时所展现的魅力了。所以有不少人认为,李子君的美貌甚至可以碾压范冰冰、刘亦菲等众多女星。NO.6 韩国 金妍儿是一名非常出色的花样滑冰运动员,拿过奥会、世锦赛、大奖赛、总决赛、四大洲赛与世青赛冠军。世间最可恨的是学霸竟然拥有一张让人嫉妒脸,与其出众的荣誉想比,金妍儿的外貌绝不输于类似金喜善这样的韩星,所以退役之后,金妍儿踏进了娱乐圈。NO.7 韩国 车侑蓝在2009年获得亚洲室内奥运会女子九号球单打冠军,是韩国九球天后级别的人物。不只是运动成绩优异,外貌依然出众。NO.8 日本 福原爱爱酱的名声可谓响彻中国的大江南北,作为日本最出色的女乒乓球运动选手,会讲一口标准流利的东北话,每次被大魔王欺负,都会哭鼻子,简直太可爱了。NO.9 日本 浅田真央她是花式溜冰选手,曾经夺得2014年温哥华奥运会亚军,再加上她清秀出色的外表,不少人将浅田真央封为女神。NO.10 中国 潘晓婷提到潘晓婷就会想到她的别名——九球天后,天后不仅球技了得,长得更是英气。身材好、气质佳这些词汇全都集中在她身上。
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